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ISBN: 1332035558
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In many boilers the fall of only a few inches in the water-line will cause the crown-sheet or some other portion to be exposed to the direct action of the fire, whence it becomes quickly overheated, and weakened to such an extent that an explosion is likely to occur.
Another frequent cause of unequal expansions, and also of weakening by burning and blistering the iron, is the presence of deposit or scale on the heating surface. This is liable to occur in any boiler, but in very many there is no adequate provision for removing it when formed. This is particularly the case with "tubular" and "locomotive" boilers.
There is good reason for believing that most of the mysterious explosions of boilers which stand the Inspector's test, and then explode at a much less pressure, are due to the weakening effects of unequal expansions, for a boiler that will stand a hundred pounds test this week cannot explode the next week at fifty pounds pressure, unless it has suddenly become wonderfully reduced in strength, and no corrosion or other natural cause, with which we are acquainted, save expansion, can produce this result. When we consider that strains from difference of expansion are generally greatest when firing up, and when there is no pressure in the boiler, we can see that the time may arrive when a crack is started or the parts weakened, so as to give way under a moderate pressure just after the test has been made; and this is the probable reason why so many boilers explode in getting up steam, or so soon after, or upon pumping in cold water, or, even, as in a recent case in England, while cooling off.
How to Provide Against Explosions.
Very much thought and experiment have been expended on this problem, but though many forms of boilers have been produced, which have attained practical safety from explosion, yet in nearly all of them there have been ignored certain elements necessary at the same time to make them valuable as generators of steam for practical work. Hence, the very name of "safety boiler" has unfortunately become, to some persons, prima facie evidence of undesirability. But safety is not incompatible with any of the other essentials of a perfect steam generator, and may be secured without detracting from any other desirable feature.
The first element of safety is ample strength. This can be best attained in connection with thin heating surface, by small diameters of parts; but this must not be carried so far as to antagonize the equally important features of large capacity and disengaging surface.
The second and most important element of safety is such a structure that the original strength cannot be destroyed by deteriorating strains, from expansion or otherwise. This can be attained in two ways - by rendering unequal expansion impossible, or by providing such elasticity that, should it occur, it can produce no deteriorating strain.
The third element of safety is such an arrangement of parts that when, through gross carelessness or design, the water becomes low and the boiler overheated, a rupture, if it occur, can produce no serious disaster.
No surface which requires to be "stayed" should be permitted in a boiler. It is scarcely possible, and altogether improbable, that such stays are, or can be, so adjusted as to bear equal strains. The one sustaining the heaviest strain gives way, the others follow, as a matter of course, and a disastrous explosion ensues. The photographic view of the boiler which exploded at Washington, January 9, 1888, shows how stay bolts act, and the disastrous explosion at West Chester, Pa., about the same time, was clearly due to the giving way of the stays which were intended to support the head.
Water-tubes an Element of Safety.
[From the Manufacturer and Builder, Feb., 1880.]
Some recent actual occurrences have a very suggestive bearing upon the relative degree o
Gedetalleerde informatie over het boek. - Steam
EAN (ISBN-13): 9781332035557
ISBN (ISBN-10): 1332035558
Gebonden uitgave
pocket book
Verschijningsjaar: 2016
Uitgever: Forgotten Books
Boek bevindt zich in het datenbestand sinds 2015-09-17T20:01:25+02:00 (Amsterdam)
Detailpagina laatst gewijzigd op 2022-08-02T16:02:32+02:00 (Amsterdam)
ISBN/EAN: 1332035558
ISBN - alternatieve schrijfwijzen:
1-332-03555-8, 978-1-332-03555-7
alternatieve schrijfwijzen en verwante zoekwoorden:
Auteur van het boek: babcock
Titel van het boek: steam its generation and use
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- 9781432617974 Steam Its Generation and Use (Babcock, and Wilcox Company)
- Steam, Its Generation and Use (., Babcock & Wilcox Company)
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